| Mountain tunnels are empirically assumed to have greater earthquake resistance than other structures. However, several tunnels in Japan experienced severe damage, including collapse of lining, during a large earthquake in 2004. To minimize such damage, effective countermeasures and implementation criteria must be established, with consideration given to budget constraints. In this study, numerical analysis was carried out to clarify the relationship between the type of seismic damage and the ground deformation mode. Based on the results, the influence of tunnel structural characteristics such as stiffness of the lining, presence of a void behind the lining, and installation of an invert, was examined in terms of tunnel behavior during an earthquake. |
